Early public research funding response to COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the role of early public research funding regarding the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. METHODS: We examined the budget for research projects relating to the number of cases and deaths and the relationship between each federal unit, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, and the national GDP per capita. RESULTS: Using data from the websites of official funding agencies and the Brazilian government, we found that, in the first four months since the first case in Wuhan, China (December 31, 2019), around US$ 38.3 million were directed to public funding for scientific investigations against the COVID-19 pandemic. However, only 11 out of 27 federal units provided funding during the initial stages of the outbreak, and those that did provide financing were not necessarily the units having the most inhabitants, highest GDP, or the greatest number of cases. The areas of research interest were also identified in the funding documents; the most common topic was "diagnosis" and the least common was "equipment for treatment." CONCLUSIONS: Brazilian researchers had access to funding opportunities for projects against COVID-19. However, strategies to minimize the economic impacts of COVID-19 are crucial in mitigating or avoiding substantial financial and social shortcomings, particularly in terms of an emerging market such as Brazil.

Early public research funding response to COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the role of early public research funding regarding the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. METHODS: We examined the budget for research projects relating to the number of cases and deaths and the relationship between each federal unit, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, and the national GDP per capita. RESULTS: Using data from the websites of official funding agencies and the Brazilian government, we found that, in the first four months since the first case in Wuhan, China (December 31, 2019), around US$ 38.3 million were directed to public funding for scientific investigations against the COVID-19 pandemic. However, only 11 out of 27 federal units provided funding during the initial stages of the outbreak, and those that did provide financing were not necessarily the units having the most inhabitants, highest GDP, or the greatest number of cases. The areas of research interest were also identified in the funding documents; the most common topic was "diagnosis" and the least common was "equipment for treatment." CONCLUSIONS: Brazilian researchers had access to funding opportunities for projects against COVID-19. However, strategies to minimize the economic impacts of COVID-19 are crucial in mitigating or avoiding substantial financial and social shortcomings, particularly in terms of an emerging market such as Brazil.

Cardiac tissue engineering: current state-of-the-art materials, cells and tissue formation.

Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of death worldwide. The heart has limited capacity of regeneration, therefore, transplantation is the only solution in some cases despite presenting many disadvantages. Tissue engineering has been considered the ideal strategy for regenerative medicine in cardiology. It is an interdisciplinary field combining many techniques that aim to maintain, regenerate or replace a tissue or organ. The main approach of cardiac tissue engineering is to create cardiac grafts, either whole heart substitutes or tissues that can be efficiently implanted in the organism, regenerating the tissue and giving rise to a fully functional heart, without causing side effects, such as immunogenicity. In this review, we systematically present and compare the techniques that have drawn the most attention in this field and that generally have focused on four important issues: the scaffold material selection, the scaffold material production, cellular selection and in vitro cell culture. Many studies used several techniques that are herein presented, including biopolymers, decellularization and bioreactors, and made significant advances, either seeking a graft or an entire bioartificial heart. However, much work remains to better understand and improve existing techniques, to develop robust, efficient and efficacious methods.

Cardiac tissue engineering: current state-of-the-art materials, cells and tissue formation / Engenharia de tecidos cardíacos: atual estado da arte a respeito de materiais, células e formação tecidual

ABSTRACT Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of death worldwide. The heart has limited capacity of regeneration, therefore, transplantation is the only solution in some cases despite presenting many disadvantages. Tissue engineering has been considered the ideal strategy for regenerative medicine in cardiology. It is an interdisciplinary field combining many techniques that aim to maintain, regenerate or replace a tissue or organ. The main approach of cardiac tissue engineering is to create cardiac grafts, either whole heart substitutes or tissues that can be efficiently implanted in the organism, regenerating the tissue and giving rise to a fully functional heart, without causing side effects, such as immunogenicity. In this review, we systematically present and compare the techniques that have drawn the most attention in this field and that generally have focused on four important issues: the scaffold material selection, the scaffold material production, cellular selection and in vitro cell culture. Many studies used several techniques that are herein presented, including biopolymers, decellularization and bioreactors, and made significant advances, either seeking a graft or an entire bioartificial heart. However, much work remains to better understand and improve existing techniques, to develop robust, efficient and efficacious methods.

RESUMO Doenças cardiovasculares são responsáveis pelo maior número de mortes no mundo. O coração possui capacidade de regeneração limitada, e o transplante, por consequência, representa a única solução em alguns casos, apresentando várias desvantagens. A engenharia de tecidos tem sido considerada a estratégia ideal para a medicina cardíaca regenerativa. Trata-se de uma área interdisciplinar, que combina muitas técnicas as quais buscam manter, regenerar ou substituir um tecido ou órgão. A abordagem principal da engenharia de tecidos cardíacos é criar enxertos cardíacos, sejam substitutos do coração inteiro ou de tecidos que podem ser implantados de forma eficiente no organismo, regenerando o tecido e dando origem a um coração completamente funcional, sem desencadear efeitos colaterais, como imunogenicidade. Nesta revisão, apresentase e compara-se sistematicamente as técnicas que ganharam mais atenção nesta área e que geralmente focam em quatro assuntos importantes: seleção do material a ser utilizado como enxerto, produção do material, seleção das células e cultura de células in vitro. Muitos estudos, fazendo uso de várias das técnicas aqui apresentadas, incluindo biopolímeros, descelularização e biorreatores, têm apresentado avanços significativos, seja para obter um enxerto ou um coração bioartifical inteiro. No entanto, ainda resta um grande esforço para entender e melhorar as técnicas existentes, para desenvolver métodos robustos, eficientes e eficazes.